THE FLAT - A BASIC UNIT OF SCENERY

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THE FLAT -
A BASIC UNI= T OF SCENERY

A FLAT IS A WOODEN FRAMEWORK COVERED WITH CLOTH. its EASE OF CONSTRUCTION AND LIGHT WEIGHT HAVE MADE IT A STANDARD IN THEATRICAL SCENERY.=

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MATERIALS

<= /v:shape>

•LUMBER - 1” X 3” pine ( 24 ft.), 1” x2” pine (3 ft.) one sheet of 1/4” plywood.

•fasteners - blue nails (the shortest ones you can buy)and 1/4 “ staples for your staplegun

•tools - steel tape measure, framing square, combination square, hammer(s), saw (cross-cut or circular), safety goggles, pencil, and staple gun

•fabric - unbleached muslin, sold in widths up to 108” (enough to cover and surround edges)

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standard theatrical flat

stile

rail

toggle

corner brace<= /div>

ke= ystone

cor= ner block

Corner blocks and

keyst= ones are set in

appro= ximately 3/4”

from = edge of flat

note = that the direction

of vi= sible plywood grain

shoul= d go across

butt = joints

Stiles, Rails, Toggle

made of 1``x3``pine

corner braces made of

1``x2``= pine

Cornerblocks &

keystones made of

1/4 `` plywood

corner brace<= /div>

corner block<= /div>

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file:///C:/DAB82BF1/MAKING~1_files/slide0004.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" THE FLAT - A BASIC UNIT OF SCENERY

construction
a.k.a. how= to make a flat

•The flat is to be 8` high and 4 ` wide. You cut th= e rails = first. The rails will be exactly = 4 ` long. Use the steel tape to measure the length, and then when you have measured exactly 4` mark it wit= h a pencil on the lumbe= r.

•Saw the lumber to the marked length, being sure to= keep the saw on the ‘outside’ of the marked line so that the finished piece wont be too short. Measure, = mark and cut the other rail.=

•To determine the correct length of the stiles - lay the two rails flat on the floor, right next to each other. Then lay a fresh piece at a right = angle to them, with the end of the piece against t= he rails.= Measure 8` which should inc= lude the width of the two rails lying side by side. Mark the uncut piece of wood at the 8` measurement= . This will be a one of the stiles.

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construction
a.k.a. how= to make a flat (cont.)

<= /v:shape>

•measure, mark, and cut both stiles.

•after cutting the stiles, la= y out the frame of your flat<= span style=3D'font-size:63%'>… one <= b>rail on top, one on bottom, and stiles making up the sides. Use this frame to measure and mark your toggle. Remember, the toggle= is the brace that goes across the = middle of the flat.

•Flats = are assembled using butt joints. This simply means that the end of one piece butts up against the edge of another = piece. The two pieces are h= eld together by nailing a piece of plywood over the joint. =

•To make co= rner blocks you first cut 12`` by 12`` squares of plywood. You t= hen cut the squares diagonally. Keysto= nes are cut from strips of plywood approximately 3`` wide.

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construction
a.k.a. how= to make a flat (cont.)

= •Use the framing square to make sure that one corne= r is perfectly square. Set a cor= ner block over the joint, making sure that the direction of the wood grain on the surface of the plywood go= es across the joint. (this is because plywood has only three layers, or plies, of wood and is stronger in the direction of the grain on two surfaces)

•Use a scrap piece of 1``X3`` on edge to establish = the correct inset for the co= rner block - the scrap should be flush with the edge of the flat, and the corner block pushed up against the 1``X3`` scrap.

= •Drive two blue nails into the plywood on either si= de of the joint. On one sid= e of the joint, the nails should be driven into the flat itself, but not all the way in. Check to be sure the joint is = square before driving in the oth= er two. These four nails will hold the joint square until you <= span style=3D'position:absolute;top:79.77%;left:3.8%;width:80.6%;height:19.1%'>= complete the nailing on the corner block.

<= span style=3D'font-size:63%'>•The rest of the nails should be put in according t= o the pattern on the next = slide. Start in each corner, and work in a zigzag back to the joint.

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= nailing pattern for a corner block

-nail

First= 4 Nails

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Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhBgAKAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAQAE AAkAgQAAAAAAADMzzAECAwIMRGIip7zR4GsJHVAAADs= ------=_NextPart_01C5BAAC.22FE7590 Content-Location: file:///C:/DAB82BF1/MAKING~1_files/slide0007_image013.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlh1gBnAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAADQ AGIAgAAAAAAAAAL/DI6py+0Po5y02otvMLn7D4biiG3kiabqGm4cC8fy3Jr0jec64O7+DxTZgsSi sTE8Kpe/JPMJjTmj1Kpwas1qKb2t9wvpgsfkA7aMrp7TbOa6DS++43TfvI6/ifN83b4PSHMXSDgy WIjocZjIaLHYCBnxGEnJ8FeJKXGZyYk02Un5CQopOspYaoqImkq4ycrp+ooZK1u5Wpt3i1unuxvX 69tGG6wKTFw2fNz6ohxp3Az2DO0lPa2VbM1bnU2Fzf3L/B24Lf5EXr50jn6kvi7X7g7kHT8GT28X fg9nr5/D368nH0A08waq+WdQisCE0RYypObw4bWIEq0grIiiIEZ2YRc3XqHo0RzIkOlGkuR4ckvH lB00stzh8qW/lTIdmayJD2cUmjo13eyJIyZQGEKHrihqVAXPpJZ+MiXq9OnRqFJTIK1agypWQ0u3 JtG6teULsGEzmOj61AXZsjbVshWktgAAOw== ------=_NextPart_01C5BAAC.22FE7590 Content-Location: file:///C:/DAB82BF1/MAKING~1_files/slide0008.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" THE FLAT - A BASIC UNIT OF SCENERY

construction
a.k.a. how= to make a flat (cont.)

•Work your way around the flat, completing one corn= er at a time. After the fo= urth corner is joined, make this the final check; use the steel tape to measure the two diagonals of the flat = - if the flat is square and true, the two diagonals will be the same length. If the diagonals are not the same length, one or more of the corners will have = to be taken apart and re-join= ed.

<= span style=3D'font-size:63%'>•When the corners are square, install the toggle= at the midpoint of the fl= at. (if you are building a very tall flat, = you may need more than one to= ggle)

= •Corner braces should be installed last. These are pieces of 1``X2`` pine with ends cut at a 45 degree angle. It’s important for the structural rigidity of the flat that both corner braces be installed on the same = side of the fla= t. Corner br= aces should be laid out in accordance with the = = diagram earlier, and marked, then cut at 45 degree angles.

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construction
a.k.a. how= to make a flat (cont.)

•Put corner= blocks on the co= rner braces in accordance with the diagram of a = flat, and nail them in accordance with the pattern for= nailing co= rner blocks.

•Put the ke= ystones at the bu= tt joints of the toggle= , four nail on each side o= f the joint.

<= span style=3D'font-size:63%'>•When the assembly is complete, the nails need to be driven all the way in an= d clinched (bent over or flattened out on the pointed end) Clinching makes the joint stronger by increasing t= he holding power of the n= ails.

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Tearing Muslin :
what are scissors for?

•When making a flat, scissors are not used. Why not use scissors or a knife to = cut the muslin? Why do we tear it? Because muslin, like almost all woven fabrics, tears along a thread. Tearing is one way to make sure your piece has straight sides and square <= /span>corners. Also, torn edges fray. This is an advantage during scene painting. It makes it easier to disguise edges from the audience.

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covering the flat

•Take care when you are covering the flat, = because final appearance of the s= cenery can be ruined by a sloppy job at this step.

•Lay the fl= at face-up on the floor .

•Place the muslin loosely ion top so that it overla= ps all four edges of the fla= t.

<= span style=3D'font-size:63%'>•Tear t= he muslin so that it is the same size as the flat, or only slightly bigger. (save all the muslin scraps- they’re always useful for somet= hing!)

•Staples should be placed near the inside edge of t= he stile = so that the muslin can be eas= ily glued to the wood when stapling is completed.

<= span style=3D'font-size:63%'>•Begin stapling at the center of one stile,= near the toggle. Alternate sides of the flat, working your way outward from your first staple = on each side - as shown in the diagram on the next sl= ide.

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diagram of how to staple = the muslin on a flat

numbers show stapling order

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covering the flat (cont.)

•Staples should be placed approximately 9 inches apart. •How tight = you pull the muslin across the flat will depend upon what kind of muslin you are using and the size of the f= lat. If you are using no= nflameproofed muslin, leave the fabric slack en= ough so that it sags to the floor in the center of the flat. F= lameproof muslin must be pulled tighter because it will not tighten up as much whe= n the sizing is applied to the fla= t. Narrow flats also require less slack because the proportion of unsupported fabric is much smaller.&= #13;•The ends of the flat are stapled one at a time. Be= gin in the middle, then work outwards to the corners. If there is excess fabric, ease it (divide the excess evenly) between the staples.

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= how to glue a flat

•Mix equal parts glue and water <= /div>

•Flip the edge of the muslin back, and paint the wo= od with a paintbrush using= the glue mixture

•replace the muslin, and add more glue <= /span>

•smooth the fabric so there are no wrinkles

•When the glue has dried, paint the surface of the = flat with a sizing solut= ion. For sizing you may use a mixture of water and glue ( about 5 parts water to 1 part glue) or dissolved starch. &= #13;

<= span style=3D'font-size:63%'>•The sizing will dry faster if the flat is leaned a= gainst a wall to allow air to circulate beneath it.

•if everything is done according to directions - you will have cre= ated a theatrical flat!

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parent.GoToPrevSld(); } }function DocumentOnClick() { if( IsNts() || parent.HideMenu() ) return; if( ( g_allowAdvOnClick && (window.name=3D=3D"PPTSld") && !parent.IsFrames= Mode() ) || (event && event.keyCode=3D=3D32) ) { =09 if( g_animUseRuntime && g_animMainSequence && g_animMainSequence.cangonex= t ) return; parent.GoToNextSld(); } } var g_supportsPPTHTML =3D SupportsPPTHTML(), g_scaleInFrame =3D 1, gId=3D""= , g_bgSound=3D"", g_scaleHyperlinks =3D false, g_allowAdvOnClick =3D 1, g_showInBrowser = =3D 0, gLoopCont =3D 0, gUseSldTimings =3D 1; var g_showAnimation =3D g_supportsPPTHTML && SupportsPPTAnimation() && ( (w= indow.name=3D=3D"PPTSld" && !parent.IsFramesMode()) || g_showInBrowser );va= r g_animManager =3D null; var g_animUseRuntime =3D false; var g_animItemsToHide, g_animInteractiveItems, g_animSlideTime; var g_animMainSequence =3D null; var ENDSHOW_MESG=3D"End of slide show, click to exit.", SCREEN_MODE=3D"Fram= es", gIsEndShow=3D0, NUM_VIS_SLDS=3D14, SCRIPT_HREF=3D"script.js", FULLSCR_= HREF=3D"fullscreen.htm"; var gCurSld =3D gPrevSld =3D 1, g_offset =3D 0, gNtsOpen =3D gHasNts =3D gO= tlTxtExp =3D 0, gHasNarration =3D 0, gOtlOpen =3D true window.gPPTHTML=3DSupportsPPTHTML() var gMainDoc=3Dnew Array(new hrefList("slide0001.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList(= "slide0002.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0003.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("= slide0004.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0005.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("s= lide0006.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0007.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("sl= ide0008.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0009.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("sli= de0012.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0010.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slid= e0011.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0013.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide= 0015.htm",1,-1,1)); /********************************************* Frameset functions These functions control slide navigation and state of the frameset. **********************************************/ function FullScrInit() { 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UpdNtsPane(){ if(frames["PPTNts"]) PPTNts.location.replace( MHTMLP= refix+GetHrefObj( gCurSld ).mNtsHref ) } function UpdNavPane( sldIndex ){ if(gNavLoaded) PPTNav.UpdNav() } function UpdOtNavPane(){ if(gOtlNavLoaded) PPTOtlNav.UpdOtlNav() } function UpdOtlPane(){ if(gOtlLoaded) PPTOtl.UpdOtl() } function SetHasNts( fVal ) { if( gHasNts !=3D fVal ) { gHasNts=3DfVal UpdNavPane() } } function ToggleOtlText() { gOtlTxtExp=3D!gOtlTxtExp UpdOtlPane() } function ClearMedia() { // Clear any sounds playing before launching another browser window. Other= wise, // in fullscreen mode, you'll continue to hear the sound in the frames mod= e. if (PPTSld.pptSound) PPTSld.pptSound.loop =3D 0; } function FullScreen() {=20 if ( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) PPTSld.document.body.pause(); ClearMedia(); var href =3D ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') ? FULLSCR_HREF = : FULLSCR_HREF+"#"+GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref; if(PPTNav.event.ctrlKey) { var w =3D (window.screen.availWidth * 1.0) / 2.0 var h =3D w * (PPTSld.g_origH * 1.0) / PPTSld.g_origW win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"toolbar=3D0,resizable=3D1,top= =3D0,left=3D0," + "width=3D"+ w + ",height=3D" + h ); if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow; } else { win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"fullscreen=3Dyes" ); if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow; } } function ToggleVNarration() { rObj=3DPPTSld.document.all("NSPlay") if( rObj && !PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) { if( (rObj.playState =3D=3D 1)||(rObj.playState =3D=3D 0) ) rObj.Play() else if( rObj.playState =3D=3D 2 ) rObj.Pause() else return; } else if( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) { narObj =3D PPTSld.document.all("narrationID") if( narObj ) narObj.togglePause() } } function GetCurSldNum() { =20 obj=3DGetHrefObj(gCurSld) if( obj.mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 ) return obj.mSldIdx else =20 return gCurSld } function GetNumSlds() { =20 if( GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 ) return GetSldList().mNumVisSlds; else return GetSldList().mList.length } function GetSldNum( href ) { for(ii=3D0; ii 1 ) PopSldList(); else if( !IsFramesMode() ) { if( gLoopCont ) GoToFirst() else EndShow() } } function GoToPrevSld() { ii=3DgCurSld-1 if( ii > 0 ) { obj=3DGetHrefObj(ii) while ( obj && ( obj.mVis =3D=3D 0 ) && ( ii>0 ) ) obj=3DGetHrefObj(--ii) if( ii =3D=3D 0 ) ii=3D1 GoToSldNum(ii) } } function GoToFirst(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(1).mSldHref ) } function GoToLast() { ii=3DGetSldList().mList.length if( ii !=3D gCurSld ) GoToSld( GetHrefObj(ii).mSldHref ) } function GoToSldNum( num ) { if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue obj =3D GetHrefObj( num ) obj.mVis=3D1 gPrevSld=3DgCurSld gCurSld =3D num; PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+obj.mSldHref) if( IsFramesMode() ) { UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane() } } function GoToSld( href ) { if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue GetHrefObj( GetSldNum(href) ).mVis=3D1 PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+href) } function SldUpdated( id ) { if( id =3D=3D GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref ) return gPrevSld=3DgCurSld gCurSld=3DGetSldNum(id) if( IsFramesMode() ) { UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane() } } function PrevSldViewed(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(gPrevSld).mSldHref ) } function HasPrevSld() { return ( gIsEndShow || ( gCurSld !=3D 1 && GetHrefO= bj( gCurSld-1 ).mVis =3D=3D 1 )||( GetCurSldNum() > 1 ) ) } function HasNextSld() { return (GetCurSldNum() !=3D GetNumSlds()) } function CloseWindow() { if( HideMenu() ) return; =09 var event =3D PPTSld.event; if( !IsFramesMode() && event && (event.keyCode=3D=3D27 || event.keyCode=3D= =3D32 || event.type=3D=3D"click" ) ) window.close( self ); CatchNumKeys( self, event ); } function Unload() { gIsEndShow=3D0; } function SetupEndShow() { gIsEndShow=3D1; PPTSld.document.body.scroll=3D"no"; PPTSld.document.onkeypress=3DCloseWindow; PPTSld.document.onclick=3DCloseWindow; PPTSld.document.oncontextmenu=3D_CM; } function EndShow() { if( IsFramesMode() ) return if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue doc=3DPPTSld.document var dir =3D doc.body.dir if( dir !=3D "rtl" ) dir =3D "ltr"; doc.open() doc.writeln('

' + ENDSHOW_MESG + '

') doc.close() } function SetSldVisited(){ GetSldList().mList[gCurSld-1].mVisited=3Dtrue } function IsSldVisited(){ return GetSldList().mList[gCurSld-1].mVisited } function hrefList( sldHref, visible, advDelay, advClk ) { this.mSldHref=3D this.mNtsHref =3D sldHref this.mOrigVis=3D this.mVis =3D visible this.mVisited=3D false this.mAdvDelay=3D advDelay this.mAdvOnClk=3D advClk } function SldList(arr,curSld,fEnd) { this.mCurSld =3D curSld; this.mList =3D new Array(); var idx =3D 1; for(ii=3D0;ii 0) { PushSldList(sldList,fEnd); gCurSld =3D 1; } else if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue } function PushSldList(arr,fEnd) { var ii =3D gSldStack.length; gSldStack[ii] =3D new SldList(arr,gCurSld,fEnd); GoToSld( gSldStack[ii].mList[0].mSldHref ); } function PopSldList() { if (gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].fEndShow) EndShow() else { gCurSld =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].mCurSld; gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1] =3D null; gSldStack.length--; var sldList =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1]; GoToSld( sldList.mList[gCurSld - 1].mSldHref ); } } var custShowList=3Dnew Array(); /********************************************* Navigation button implementation There are 2 types of buttons: ImgBtn, TxtBtn implemented as function objects. They share a similiar interface so the event handlers can call SetActive, for example, on a button=20 object without needing to know exactly=20 what type of button it is. **********************************************/ //---------------------------------- function ImgBtn( oId,bId,w,action ) //---------------------------------- { var t=3Dthis t.Perform =3D _IBP t.SetActive =3D _IBSetA t.SetInactive=3D _IBSetI t.SetPressed =3D _IBSetP t.SetDisabled=3D _IBSetD t.Enabled =3D _IBSetE t.ChangeIcon =3D null t.UserAction =3D action t.ChgState =3D _IBUI t.mObjId =3D oId t.mBorderId=3D bId t.mWidth =3D w t.mIsOn =3D t.mCurState =3D 0 } function _IBSetA() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } function _IBSetI() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0=20 } } function _IBSetP() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,2 ) obj.style.posLeft+=3D1; obj.style.posTop+=3D1 } } function _IBSetD() { =20 obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0=20 } function _IBSetE( state ) { var t=3Dthis GetObj( t.mBorderId ).style.visibility=3D"visible" if( state !=3D t.mIsOn ) { t.mIsOn=3Dstate if( state ) t.SetInactive() else t.SetDisabled() } } function _IBP() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn ) { if( t.UserAction !=3D null ) t.UserAction() if( t.ChangeIcon ) { obj=3DGetObj(t.mObjId) if( t.ChangeIcon() ) obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-4)*t.mWidth else obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-0)*t.mWidth } t.SetActive() } =20 } function _IBUI( clr1,clr2,nextState ) { var t=3Dthis SetBorder( GetObj( t.mBorderId ),clr1,clr2 ) obj=3DGetObj( t.mObjId ) obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-nextState)*t.mWidth-obj= .style.posTop t.mCurState=3DnextState return obj } //----------------------------------------- function TxtBtn( oId,oeId,action,chkState ) //----------------------------------------- { var t=3Dthis t.Perform =3D _TBP t.SetActive =3D _TBSetA t.SetInactive=3D _TBSetI t.SetPressed =3D _TBSetP t.SetDisabled=3D _TBSetD t.SetEnabled =3D _TBSetE t.GetState =3D chkState t.UserAction =3D action t.ChgState =3D _TBUI t.mObjId =3D oId t.m_elementsId=3D oeId t.mIsOn =3D 1 } function _TBSetA() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,0,0 ) } function _TBSetI() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) } function _TBSetP() { if( this.mIsOn ) this.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 ) } function _TBSetD() { =20 this.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) this.mIsOn =3D 0 } function _TBSetE() { var t=3Dthis if( !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) else t.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 ) t.mIsOn =3D 1 } function _TBP() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn ) {=20 if( t.UserAction !=3D null ) t.UserAction() if( !t.GetState ) return if( t.GetState() ) t.SetPressed() else t.SetActive() } =20 } function _TBUI( clr1,clr2,lOffset,tOffset ) { SetBorder( GetObj( this.mObjId ),clr1,clr2 ) Offset( GetObj( this.m_elementsId ),lOffset,tOffset ) } function Offset( obj, top, left ){ obj.style.top=3Dtop; obj.style.left=3Dle= ft } function SetBorder( obj, upperLeft, lowerRight ) { s=3Dobj.style; s.borderStyle =3D "solid" s.borderWidth =3D 1=20 s.borderLeftColor =3D s.borderTopColor =3D upperLeft s.borderBottomColor=3D s.borderRightColor =3D lowerRight } function GetBtnObj(){ return gBtnArr[window.event.srcElement.id] } function BtnOnOver(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetActive() } function BtnOnDown(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetPressed() } function BtnOnOut(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetInactive() } function BtnOnUp() { b=3DGetBtnObj() if( b !=3D null ) b.Perform() else Upd() } function GetNtsState(){ return parent.gNtsOpen } function GetOtlState(){ return parent.gOtlOpen } function GetOtlTxtState(){ return parent.gOtlTxtExp } function NtsBtnSetFlag( fVal ) { s=3Ddocument.all.item( this.m_flagId ).style s.display=3D"none" if( fVal ) s.display=3D"" else s.display=3D"none" } function _BSetA_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etActive() } function _BSetI_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etInactive() } function _BSetP_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etPressed() } function _BSetA_BorderImg() {=20 b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId]=20 if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } function _BSetI_BorderImg() {=20 b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId] if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } var gHiliteClr=3D"THREEDHIGHLIGHT",gShadowClr=3D"THREEDSHADOW",gFaceClr=3D"= THREEDFACE" var gBtnArr =3D new Array() gBtnArr["nb_otl"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOtlPan= e,GetOtlState ) gBtnArr["nb_otlElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOt= lPane,GetOtlState ) gBtnArr["nb_nts"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_nts","nb_ntsBorder",10,parent.ToggleN= tsPane ) gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_BorderImg; gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_BorderImg; gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.= ToggleNtsPane,GetNtsState ) gBtnArr["nb_ntsElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.To= ggleNtsPane,GetNtsState ) gBtnArr["nb_prevBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_prev"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_prev","n= b_prevBorder",30,parent.GoToPrevSld ) gBtnArr["nb_nextBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_next"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_next","n= b_nextBorder",30,parent.GoToNextSld ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshw"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",18,parent= .FullScreen ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",pa= rent.FullScreen,null ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwText",parent= .FullScreen,null ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border; gBtnArr["nb_voice"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_voiceBorder"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_voice= ","nb_voiceBorder",18,parent.ToggleVNarration ) gBtnArr["nb_otlTxtBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_otlT= xt","nb_otlTxtBorder",23,parent.ToggleOtlText ) gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].m_flagId=3D "nb_nts" gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].SetFlag =3D NtsBtnSetFlag gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"].ChangeIcon=3D GetOtlTxtState /********************************************* Context menu implementation _CM() is the function that's hooked up to the oncontextmenu event. Once we're asked to show the menu, we first build it by creating DIVs on-the-fly. Then we position it=20 within the screen area so it doesn't get clipped. Creating the DIVs using createElement() means we don't have to write out any extra HTML into the slide HTML files. **********************************************/ var sNext=3D"Next",sPrev=3D"Previous",sEnd=3D"End Show",sFont=3D"Arial",sAr= row=3D"Arrow",sFreeform=3D"Freeform",sRect=3D"Rectangle",sOval=3D"Oval" function ShowMenu() { BuildMenu(); var doc=3DPPTSld.document.body,x=3DPPTSld.event.clientX+doc.scrollLeft,y= =3DPPTSld.event.clientY+doc.scrollTop m =3D PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu") m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx if( (x+m.scrollWidth > doc.clientWidth)&&(x-m.scrollWidth > 0) ) m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx-m.scrollWidth m.style.pixelTop=3Dy if( (y+m.scrollHeight > doc.clientHeight)&&(y-m.scrollHeight > 0) ) m.style.pixelTop=3Dy-m.scrollHeight m.style.display=3D"" } function _CM() { if( !parent.IsFullScrMode() ) return; if(!PPTSld.event.ctrlKey) { ShowMenu() return false } else HideMenu() } function BuildMenu() { if( PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu") ) return var mObj=3DCreateItem( PPTSld.document.body ) mObj.id=3D"ctxtmenu" mObj.style.visibility=3D"hidden" var s=3DmObj.style s.position=3D"absolute" s.cursor=3D"default" s.width=3D"120px" SetCMBorder(mObj,"menu","black") var iObj=3DCreateItem( mObj ) SetCMBorder( iObj, "threedhighlight","threedshadow" ) iObj.style.padding=3D2 CreateMenuItem( iObj,sNext,M_GoNextSld,M_True ) CreateMenuItem( iObj,sPrev,M_GoPrevSld,M_HasPrevSld ) =09 CreateSeparator( iObj ) CreateMenuItem( iObj,sEnd,M_End,M_True ) mObj.style.visibility=3D"visible" } function Cancel() { window.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; window.event.returnVa= lue=3Dfalse } function Highlight() { ChangeClr("activecaption","threedhighlight") } function Deselect() { ChangeClr("threedface","menutext") } function Perform() { e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() ) e.Action() else PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue } function ChangeClr( bg,clr ) { e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() ) { e.style.backgroundColor=3Dbg e.style.color=3Dclr } } function M_HasPrevSld() { return( parent.HasPrevSld() ) } function M_GoNextSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) M_End(); else GoToNextSld() } function M_GoPrevSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) { gIsEndShow=3D0; history.back();= PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; } else GoToPrevSld() } function M_True() { return true } function M_End() { window.close( self ) } function CreateMenuItem( node,text,action,eval ) { var e=3DCreateItem( node ) e.type=3D"menuitem" e.Action=3Daction e.IsActive=3Deval e.innerHTML=3Dtext if( !e.IsActive() ) e.style.color=3D"threedshadow" e.onclick=3DPerform e.onmouseover=3DHighlight e.onmouseout=3DDeselect s=3De.style; s.fontFamily=3DsFont s.fontSize=3D"9pt" s.paddingLeft=3D2 } function CreateSeparator( node ) { var sObj=3DCreateItem( node ) SetCMBorder(sObj,"menu","menu") var s=3DsObj.style s.borderTopColor=3D"threedshadow" s.borderBottomColor=3D"threedhighlight" s.height=3D1 s.fontSize=3D"0px" } function CreateItem( node ) { var elem=3DPPTSld.document.createElement("DIV") node.insertBefore( elem ) return elem } function SetCMBorder( o,ltClr,rbClr ) { var s=3Do.style s.backgroundColor=3D"menu" s.borderStyle=3D"solid" s.borderWidth=3D1 s.borderColor=3DltClr+" "+rbClr+" "+rbClr+" "+ltClr } ------=_NextPart_01C5BAAC.22FE7590 Content-Location: file:///C:/DAB82BF1/MAKING~1_files/fullscreen.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" ------=_NextPart_01C5BAAC.22FE7590 Content-Location: file:///C:/DAB82BF1/MAKING~1_files/buttons.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhWAESAPf4AAAAAIAAAACAAICAAAAAgIAAgACAgICAgAQEBISEBASEBISEhAQEhMTExAQE /KTM9Pz8/ERERPz8BAT8/KSkpGRkhMTcxCRkxAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAMDAwP8AAAD/AP//AAAA//8A/wD//////yH5BAEAAPgALAAAAABYARIA QAj/APEJHEiwoMGDCBMqXMiwocOHECNKnEixosWLGCEiQKCRo8YDIEHig2DxAD4LKD1avDDhgUuV GUOGbHBR5QGYFBG4fHAB58EKECJEwCfUYAWPFGAygLCRKQIIUKM6WAohKUGgCikcFWh1INWoYKVS 7SrQ41GbIhGYLAuVQVOoC+IyXUuUAkG1HE3KFDhAwkgJc5/qDZmxsOHDiBMrXsy4sePDGyP7lChT 5MULmDPnlDw5YmW6FTNrfgi0aNGEZPEtbfo2bNTUpYeeRph69dPWrqvCNFuBIGG1A59CYPAVQtwF cw0OxWdTIOiBCQAjaAB17fOFII8voGmRc+eOkilm/z9OvTtnjN4hYk1YoT3H2rnBOphPAB9skgq3 2lcaX/5YnJVt9BloAar12UEIRGCZdQghMABI1Tn32IQUVthYexhmqGGGMBHAgIfEhSiiiATAtOGJ GnYI4ogsEldicAYOGNJGZaml3Y0L3NTZUBz1xlB0PUoUI0jlVWRSVN89xBKSGB1YU1TMoRfVBEle hR9HQs1GEHxQ3RZZbveZthxt/LEmXHyp5XWABSCpaRJwbM13gAACPHVccgJFgF+NEhqUAEkQSCfc ddhVhh5dVTaEAEsTUNlkZUWKN9BNGDE6QU8OrSdbllzpxyVTTrU21Uj3scfhp7nNpyoDaTIEJ3P9 If8J2kbLNYegg9JRBwGhFvbq66+ZUiDssMQWK2yHxiZLrInKNotss8l+B5yBrr5p2UIJvortANoC 6+234IbLla/elRtZjeamh5CC3Sb0YLvixivvYkDFGlZqBNh7r4n6goVvv6/ZlCicN+kL71ALTnpQ dCIZp7CihkLA3UQmoWRBogyxtBPGCTnZncVR1rSTo5nuydC/Eo8kUH+lOoTyyvjoCuZu+PjYIKLD rZybtrM1d10C0QXKEVz48GrQkEeWdFJKlbb0UmEeV0SzyC6RvNB646LWIVjUNeC1zAFb+RDKXksM 9r531bwmpQW9+hQDDsx5pqwDRWBXcFES2hc+gEn/wJGdEEWdE6LoWcoxQweaTNmkhydkKaYMYY2Q p1unbLl/pPKbn3v7EZRvrKvqlja2ONvrtoIw9tn2g32/tQBlhtYkU+MNikZ7QYlPDPuMldpOmuJX nVo5VF3HjI+q89mteX5IDd/fVFClma5kiE4f2XUJhlz09gj2NbTDRifkmu7zXjR++RVJ/lPznuvr QH2iD6S+UewP9Dnon6d2NLwN8n90BB6hC68cFMCHoe+ACASP9c4DowUyEF0OPFcDI0ij/VXPaAKC UfhS95AKGoQ7IBRICI1HwhGaUIQoLGEKT6jCFrLwhSuMoQtlCMMZ2rCGOKShDm+4wxzy8Ic+DGIP B4cIRCKGMCAAOy== ------=_NextPart_01C5BAAC.22FE7590 Content-Location: file:///C:/DAB82BF1/MAKING~1_files/frame.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" THE FLAT - A BASIC UNIT OF SCENERY ------=_NextPart_01C5BAAC.22FE7590 Content-Location: file:///C:/DAB82BF1/MAKING~1_files/outline.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"

1	THE FLAT - A BASIC UNIT OF SCENERY A FLAT IS A WOODEN FRAMEWORK COVERED WITH CLOTH. its EASE OF CONSTRUCTION AND LIGHT WEIGHT HAVE MADE IT A STANDARD IN THEATRICAL SCENERY.
2	MATERIALS LUMBER - 1” X 3” pine ( 24 ft.), 1” x2” pine (3 = ft.) one sheet of 1/4” plywood. fasteners - blue nails (the shortest ones you can buy)and 1/4 “ staples for your staplegun tools - steel tape measure, framing square, combination square, hammer(s), saw (cross-cut or circular), safety goggles, pencil, and staple gun fabric - unbleached muslin, sold in widths up to 108” (enough = to cover and surround edges)
3	standard theatri= cal flat
4	construction a.k.a. how to make a flat The flat is to be 8` high and 4 ` wide. You cut the rails first. The rails will be exactly 4 ` long. Use the steel tape to measure the length, and then when you have measured exactly 4` mark it with a pe= ncil on the lumber. Saw the lumber to the marked length, being sure to keep the saw on t= he ‘outside’ of the marked line so that the finished piece = wont be too short. Measure, mark and cut the other rail. To determine the correct length of the stiles - lay the two rails fl= at on the floor, right next to each other. Then lay a fresh piece at a right angle to them, with the end of the piece against the rails. Measure 8` which should include the width of the two rails lying sid= e by side. Mark the uncut piece of wood at the 8` measurement. This will = be a one of the stiles.
5	construction a.k.a. how to make a flat (cont.) measure, mark, and cut both stiles. after cutting the stiles, lay out the frame of your flat… one rail on top, one on bottom, and stiles making up the sides. Use this frame to measure and mark your toggle. Remember, the toggle is the brace that goes across= the middle of the flat. Flats are assembled using butt joints. This simply means that the en= d of one piece butts up against the edge of another piece. The two pieces= are held together by nailing a piece of plywood over the joint. To make corner blocks you first cut 12`` by 12`` squares of plywood.= You then cut the squares diagonally. Keystones are cut from strips of plywood approximately 3`` wide.
6	construction a.k.a. how to make a flat (cont.) Use the framing square to make sure that one corner is perfectly squ= are. Set a corner block over the joint, making sure that the direction of= the wood grain on the surface of the plywood goes across the joint. (thi= s is because plywood has only three layers, or plies, of wood and is stro= nger in the direction of the grain on two surfaces) Use a scrap piece of 1``X3`` on edge to establish the correct inset = for the corner block - the scrap should be flush with the edge of the fl= at, and the corner block pushed up against the 1``X3`` scrap. Drive two blue nails into the plywood on either side of the joint. On one side of the joint, the nails should be driven into the flat itse= lf, but not all the way in. Check to be sure the joint is square before driving in the other two. These four nails will hold the joint square until you complete the nailing on the corner block. The rest of the nails should be put in according to the pattern on t= he next slide. Start in each corner, and work in a zigzag back to the joint.
7	nailing pattern = for a corner block
8	construction a.k.a. how to make a flat (cont.) Work your way around the flat, completing one corner at a time. After the fourth corner is joined, make this the final check; use the steel tape to measure the two diagonals of the flat - if the flat is square and true, the two diagonals will be the same length. If the diagonals are not the same length, one or more of the corners will have to be taken apart and re-joined. When the corners are square, install the toggle at the midpoint of t= he flat. (if you are building a very tall flat, you may need more than one to= ggle) Corner braces should be installed last. These are pieces of 1``X2`` = pine with ends cut at a 45 degree angle. It’s important for the structural rigidity of the flat that both corner braces be installed= on the same side of the flat. Corner braces should be laid out in accordance with the diagram earlier, and marked, then cut at 45 degr= ee angles.
9	construction a.k.a. how to make a flat (cont.) Put corner blocks on the corner braces in accordance with the diagra= m of a flat, and nail them in accordance with the pattern for nailing cor= ner blocks. Put the keystones at the butt joints of the toggle, four nail on each side of the joint. When the assembly is complete, the nails need to be driven all the w= ay in and clinched (bent over or flattened out on the pointed end) Clinching makes the joint stronger by increasing the holding power of the nails.
10	Tearing Muslin = : what are scissors for? When making a flat, scissors are not used. Why not use scissors or a knife to cut the muslin? Why do we tear it? Because muslin, like alm= ost all woven fabrics, tears along a thread. Tearing is one way to make = sure your piece has straight sides and square corners. Also, torn edges f= ray. This is an advantage during scene painting. It makes it easier to disguise edges from the audience.
11	covering the fl= at Take care when you are covering the flat, because final appearance of the scenery can be ruined by a sloppy job at this step. Lay the flat face-up on the floor . Place the muslin loosely ion top so that it overlaps all four edges = of the flat. Tear the muslin so that it is the same size as the flat, or only slightly bigger. (save all the muslin scraps- they’re always useful for something!) Staples should be placed near the inside edge of the stile so that t= he muslin can be easily glued to the wood when stapling is completed. Begin stapling at the center of one stile, near the toggle. Alternate sides of the flat, working your way outward from your first staple on each side - as shown in the diagram on the next slide.
12	diagram of how = to staple the muslin on a flat
13	covering the fl= at (cont.) Staples should be plac= ed approximately 9 inches apart. How tight you pull the muslin across the flat will depend upon what = kind of muslin you are using and the size of the flat. If you are using n= onflameproofed muslin, leave the fabric slack enough so that it sags to the floor in the center of the flat. Flameproof muslin must be pulled tighter bec= ause it will not tighten up as much when the sizing is applied to the fla= t. Narrow flats also require less slack because the proportion of unsupported fabric is much smaller. The ends of the flat are stapled one at a time. Begin in the middle, then work outwards to the corners. If there is excess fabric, ease it (divide the excess evenly) between the staples.
14	how to glue a f= lat Mix equal parts glue and water Flip the edge of the muslin back, and paint the wood with a paintbru= sh using the glue mixture replace the muslin, and add more glue smooth the fabric so there are no wrinkles When the glue has dried, paint the surface of the flat with a sizing solution. For sizing you may use a mixture of water and glue ( about= 5 parts water to 1 part glue) or dissolved starch. The sizing will dry faster if the flat is leaned against a wall to a= llow air to circulate beneath it. if everything is done according to directions - you will have create= d a theatrical flat!

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